Activist Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Activist Letter - Essay Example This moisture brings about the cooling effect on the earth surface. In brief, these mean that chop the trees off and raise the global temperatures. If the global temperature increases then there will be a percentage increase of Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Trees regulate the atmospheric carbon dioxide levels by utilizing it during photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide level has consequently accumulated to alarming levels due to tree falling. Large amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere deplete the ozone layer (Prout, Tanya and Daniel 172). The harmful ultraviolet sun rays, therefore, reach the ground thus causing skin cancer. Trees are known to provide a cheap source of energy. Charcoal and firewood is mostly used by people in most part of the world to provide energy. Industries and local homes benefit from this as coal, and petroleum products seem to be expensive compared to tree products. Once one tree is brought down, it should be a must for it to be replaced by planting another tree. Failure to do that, it will result in the decline in biodiversity or it may cause an extinction of many species. Even those using trees as sources of energy will find it hard if trees are cut and not replaced. Down of microbial community are exposed and killed by the adverse weather caused by cutting down of trees, hence bacteria’s helps in recycling nutrients that might pollute water and render it unclean for drinking In conclusion, if the biodiversity of this earth is to be maintained then let the trees are protected and conserved. It is as if every living thing on earth depends on trees for clean air, water and as energy sources just to name a

Blood Diamond Essay Example for Free

Blood Diamond Essay Africa was known as â€Å"The Dark Continent† during the Victorian Era, believed by Europeans to be a land where even the slightest trace of civilization tends to collapse under madness and savagery. It seems especially common for Europeans to assume that anyone who ventures into Africa would then sink into an irrevocable state of delirium. Such notion was amplified by Joseph Conrad, who, in Heart of Darkness, took Africa as a land so free from moral restraints that no civility could stand from being pulverized by its darkness. Blood Diamond, dating a hundred years after Heart of Darkness, presents a different view. Although the film seems to faithfully support the conventional view of Africa as a place that forces its inhabitants into madness, a closer examination of Blood Diamond shows that, quite the opposite of depicting Africa as The Dark Continent, the film actually rebuts the view by emphasizing the underlying grace of the land. Blood Diamond sends out the message that rather then being the other way around, it is the colonizers of Africa who are forcing the continent into its present state of violence and madness. Through contrasting between parts of Africa with assorted degrees of western influence, director Edward Zwick shows that Africa without colonization would be a land of peace and grace. This contrast is established between the depiction of an RUF (Revolutionary United Front) headquarters and an elusive school that lies within the immutable jungles of Africa. Zwick uses costume to represent western ideals brought to Africa through colonization when portraying the RUF headquarters. When Danny Archer first gets off the plane to do business with Commander Zero, the audience is introduced to a group of African teenagers dressed in shockingly familiar looking attires. Indeed Captain Rambo, a member of the RUF, is dressed in no way different from any North American boy. His clothing without doubt emulates the fashion of North American hip-hop generation. His wide sunglasses, baggy pants, and chain necklace all too well indicate western influence. It is only when he holds up a gun that the audience senses a strong odour of irony. The gangster image that prevails this RUF headquarters contrasts with a peaceful African community in the midst of the jungle, a community in which the effect of colonization is less apparent. In fact, Zwick speaks of this community as an â€Å"island of sanity†. The term â€Å"island† denotes not only a sense of isolation from the atrocity of the surrounding world, but also a sense of isolation from western influence. It is within this community that a group of child soldiers are carefully returned to life. Of these two African communities, the one that displays a crave for western ideals is the one that rears violence and madness, whereas the primitive jungle described as the very medium of suffocation in Heart of Darkness becomes the place where sanity is restored. Through contrasting between a world greatly influenced by colonization and a world that is not yet penetrable to its grasp, Blood Diamond clearly conveys the idea that it is the white people who are jeopardizing Africa’s graceful soul with their intrusion, and it is the colonizers of Africa who are ultimately responsible for any violence seen there today. Zwick also uses various types of shots to establish Africa as a graceful land. Although scenes of RUF troops committing heinous violence are omnipresent in Blood Diamond, Zwick does not forget to show what Africa was like before war and colonization. The use of master shots often precedes any scenes of violence in the film to constantly remind the audience of the majestic panorama of Africa. Shots of grand canyons, peaceful sunset, and misty cities again and again take the audience’ breath away. These shots are images of Africa entirely different from those underscoring problems of poverty and hunger commonly seen in media, thereby are all the more shocking. It is indeed hard for one to find a trace of savagery or madness in this landscape. Without these shots, one would laugh with an air dismissal when Dia says to his father â€Å"teacher says our country (Sierra Leone) was built to be an utopia†. But with these breathtaking images, the audience cannot help but to ruminate over Dia’s belief that â€Å"when the war is over, our country will become a paradise. Apart from using master shots, Blood Diamond also employs wide shots to convey similar ideas. The film opens with a wide shot of fishermen working against sunrise. In the shot, the black silhouettes moving quietly yet arduously against the breaking dawn of the sky effectively convey a sense of peace. By integrating various types of shots into the content of the film in a meaningful manner, Zwick successfully delivers his desire to show what Africa was like before colonization. These shots are key to establishing Africa as a land of peace before its colonizer’s arrival. Zwick also conveys the idea that it is the Europeans who are responsible Africa’s present chaotic state by probing the different meanings of diamond in Africa and in Europe. A character responsible for this layer of the film is a sadistic RUF mine general– General Poison. Following after the priceless diamond like an animal after the smell of carcass, General Poison is depicted as the very heart of distortion and madness throughout the film. In the prison scene, Zwick’s use of lighting and colour effectively turns General Poison into the icon of animosity similar to that described in Heart of Darkness. The prison scene is dominated by a sickly luscious combination of brown, green, and red, creating a canvas that is hunted by greed and fear. Here, Zwick plays around with the employment of fluorescence light to give General Posion the aura of a mad dog as he barks at Solomon Vandy. Yet General Poison reveals something rather astonishing near the end– he craves for that diamond not because of greed, like the diamond dealers in London, but because he wants to escape his own cruelty. â€Å"You think I am a devil, but it is only because I have been in hell. I want to get out, and you will help me†. This is what the general says to Solomon, and the audience learns that he too is a prisoner suffering from the effects of colonization. General Poison craves for that priceless diamond not because of the wealth it shall bring, but because it is his only ticket out. As soon as this is revealed, the audience learns that his devilish behaviour is not the result of his native instinct; rather, it is the result of having to cope with the values of white men. It is white people, the colonizers, who are forcing him into madness. Suffocated by the atrocity of colonization, he must act cruelly to free himself from his own madness. This internal irony shows that Africa is not a continent with the natural tendency to drive its inhabitants into madness; rather, the madness seen in the film is only the result of Africans trying to cope with the values of their colonizers. In Blood Diamond, Zwick effectively combines style and content to show that Africa is not a continent of darkness and savagery; rather, the moral dilapidation seen there today is the result of colonization. Indeed instead of pushing those who venture into its land beyond the boundaries of civilization, Africa is itself a prisoner and a sufferer. It is with productions like Blood Diamond that the images outlined in Heart of Darkness become increasingly relegated from the status of a journal to that of a fiction. It is with productions like Blood Diamond that the truth about Africa is slowly revealed. In a way, Blood Diamond has given Africa a testimony of its grace that is rather long overdue.

Adorno and Horkheimers Dialectic of Enlightenment Essay -- Mythology

Adorno and Horkheimer's Dialectic of Enlightenment 'Myth is already enlightenment; and enlightenment reverts to mythology' (Dialectic of Enlightenment XVI) Adorno and Horkheimer's obscure and nihilistic text Dialectic of Enlightenment (DoE) is an attempt to answer the question 'why mankind, instead of entering a truly human condition, is sinking into a new kind of barbarism' (DoE, p.xi). The result is a totalising critique of modernity; a diagnosis of why the Enlightenment project failed with no attempt to prescribe a cure. This is achieved by a historical-philosophical study of the mythic world-view of animism and anthropomorphism and the Enlightenment attempt to dissolve myth through objectification and instrumental reason. DoE also uses Homer's Odyssey as a metaphorical interpretation of this historical change, where Odysseus is the prototype of the bourgeois man. This study reveals for Adorno and Horkheimer the failure of the Enlightenment project. Enlightenment has no claim to being less a myth than the mythology it failed to escape. This new myth is defined for them by the drive to dominate nature at the expense of alienation of man from nature and from his own inner nature. They follow the appearance of the subject as it is objectified alongside nature, and is dominated with it. The subject becomes an object and his intellect becomes instrumental, and all instinct and sensory experience that fails to be productive in the pursuit of domination is repressed, man becomes mechanized. They also assert that class domination is a direct and inevitable consequence of the attempt to dominate nature, and is therefore inescapable. Background to the text. Adorno and Horkheimer, members of the Frankfurt school in Germany, wrote DoE (which was completed in 1944) while Fascism, a kind of barbarism never seen before, was threatening Europe. They viewed this as the epitome of the self-destructive nature of enlightenment, the final evidence that it would never result in 'a truly human condition'. They wrote in the introduction to DoE that 'the indefatigable self-destructiveness of enlightenment†¦requires philosophy to discard even the last vestiges of innocence in regard to the habits and tendencies of the spirit of the age' (p.xi), hence the intensity of their critique. Being part of the Frankfurt school, Adorno and Horkheimer were influenced... ...kfurt school, does not accept Adorno's solution. He believes Adorno is being too nihilistic in [continued next page] allowing no way to escape instrumental rationality. Habermas's main philosophical project has been to resolve this problem, to allow for the possibility of substantive rationality (i.e. rationality that is not aimed at power and domination but, rather, validity) and, thus, to save the project of the Enlightenment. The result is a theory of open communication that is aimed at an 'ideal speech situation', that is, at a discourse not tainted by instrumental aims. Bibliography: Theodor Adorno and Maw Horkheimer: The Dialectic of Enlightenment (Verso: London, 1997). Theodor Adorno: Negative Dialectics (Routledge: London, 1990)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jurgen Habermas: The Entwinement of Myth and Enlightenment: Re-reading Dialectic of Enlightenment, in Jay Bernstein (ed.): The Frankfurt School: Critical Assessments vol.3 (Routledge: London, 1994). Axel Honneth: The Critique of Power: Reflective Stages of Critical Social Theory (M.I.T: Boston, 1991). Gà ¶ran Therborn: The Frankfurt School, in New Left Review (ed.): Western Marxism: a Critical Reader (New Left Books: Norfolk, 1977).

Does Socrates see himself as the most important teacher in the city? :: Essays Papers

Does Socrates see himself as the most important teacher in the city? In Plato’s Apology of Socrates, Socrates has to defend himself to the city of Athens. The city of Athens is at odds with Socrates’ philosophy; it contradicted several Athenian beliefs. The city believed that Socrates was an atheist, that he was responsible for corrupting the youth, and that he made the weaker argument the stronger. Socrates believed that he was the most important teacher in the city therefore he continued to defend his actions and beliefs even when his life was on the line. He saw himself as the most important teacher after his visit to the oracle. He believed it was his mission to change the Athenians viewpoints, and he was willing to die for what he believed in. Socrates forced the Athenians to think and to question how they lived their lives. He was a great philosophizer and he knew how important he was to the city. The city did not share Socrates own view of himself as the most important teacher. They believed his philosophies were evil and they were willing to put him to death for his ideas. In Socrates’ first defense, he uses the story of the Delphic oracle. According to Socrates, the oracle once declared that no one was wiser than Socrates. At first Socrates thought the oracle to be wrong so he began to obtain evidence by conversing with wise people in order to refute the oracle: He examined the politicians, poets, and artisans and found that they were almost completely ignorant (except for the artisans, who at least knew well their own areas of expertise), and that all thought they knew things, especially â€Å"the greatest things,† but in fact they did not know them. Since Socrates was at least aware of his own ignorance, he ranked himself above them in wisdom. (18) Thus Socrates began to believe that he was the wisest person in the city. The oracle was a turning point in his life. Instead of focusing on astronomical and physical studies, he began to concern himself with moral and political opinions: â€Å"this turn to the examination of opinions brought Socrates into conflict with the city as such, for his doubt of the worth of generally accepted opinions was also a challenge to the most authoritative opinions, those which concern the city’s gods and the city’s laws†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (18). The fact that Socrates knew he was the wisest and that he began to concern himself with philosophies of the city shows that he saw himself as the most important teacher in the city.

Ongc Corporate Governence

Corporate Governance Corporate Governance is a reflection of the company’s culture, their relationship with stakeholders and commitment to values. ONGC has a pioneer in benchmarking its corporate governance practices with the best in the world. ONGC Corporate Governance philosophy is based on the following principles:- Achieving high level of transparency, openness and accountability and fairness in all areas of operation. Promoting ethical conduct throughout the organization with primary objective of enhancing shareholder’s value.Sound system of internal control to mitigate the risks. Compliance of law, rules and regulation in true letter and spirit. Independent verification of the company’s financial reporting Strategic supervision by the board of directors of appropriate composition, size, varied experience and commitment to discharge their responsibilities. Timely and balanced disclosure of all material information to all Stakeholders. Protection of the inter est of all Stakeholders In recognition of excellence in corporate governance, the following awards have been conferred on ONGC: I.SCOPE Meritorious Award for Corporate Governance 2006-07 received II. ICSI National Award for Excellence in Corporate Governance 2003 III. Golden Peacock Global Award for Corporate Governance in Emerging Economics – 2005, 2007 and 2008 by World Council, U. K IV. Golden Peacock Award foe Excellence in Corporate governance by the Institute of Directors in the years 2002, 2005 and 2006. The company is managed by the Board of Directors which explicates strategies, policies and reviews its performance.The board of Directors has an adequate combination of Functional and Non-Executive Director. The company has a practice of periodic retreats where all the members of the Board and senior officials of the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas discuss issues of Corporate Strategy and Policy. The company being a PSU, all Directors are appointed/ Nominated by th e President of India. Board / committee Meetings and Procedures: 1. Institutionalized decision making process 2. Scheduling and selection of Agenda items for Board/Committee Meetings 3.Recording minutes of proceedings at the Board Meeting 4. Follow up mechanism 5. Compliance 6. Training and evaluation of non-executive Board members To have the benefit of cumulative knowledge and experience of the ONGC family, an assembly of the past and present members of the erstwhile Oil & Natural Gas Commission and Board is organized every year. The key Executives in-charge of Assets, Basins, Services and Institutes meet periodically with CMD and the functional Directors to review performance and to formulate future plans.The company has the following committees of the board: Audit & Ethics Committee: The role of audit & ethics committee includes the following: i. Oversight of the company’s financial reporting process and the disclosure of its financial information to ensure that the finan cial statement is correct , sufficient and credible. ii. Recommending to the board, the appointment, re-appointment and if required , the replacement or removal of the statutory auditor and the fixation of audition fees. ii. Approval of payment to statutory auditors for any services rendered by the statutory auditors. iv. Reviewing with the management , the statement of uses / application of funds raised through an issue, the statement funds utilized for purposes other than those stated in the offer document and the report submitted by the monitoring agency monitoring the utilization of proceeds of a public or rights issue, and making appropriate recommendations to the board to take up steps. v.Reviewing with the management performance of statutory and internal auditors adequacy of the internal control systems. vi. Reviewing with the management, the quarterly financial statement before submission to the board of approval. vii. Reviewing the adequacy of internal audit function viii. Discussion with internal auditors any significant findings and follow up there on. ix. Discussion with the auditory before the audit commences about the nature and scope of audit. x. To review the functioning of the whistle blower mechanism. Remuneration Committee:ONGC being a Government Company, appointed and terms and condition of remuneration of Executive Directors are determined by the Government through administrative ministry, the Ministry of Petroleum & National Gas. Non Executive Part time official Directors do not draw any remuneration. Shareholder’s/ Investors Grievance Committee: The Shareholder’s/ Investors Grievances committee specifically looks into redressing of Shareholders and investors complaints pertaining to transfer of shares, non receipt of annual reports, dividend payments and other miscellaneous reports.The committee also monitors implementation and compliance of company’s code of conduct for insider trading in ONGC’s securities. H uman Resource management Committee: The term of reference include consideration of all issues concerning human resource planning and management, HR policies and initiatives and promotion. Project Appraisal Committee It examines and makes recommendations to the Board on projects or Capital investment. Health, Safety and Environment Committee The terms of reference includes review of policy, processes and systems on Safety, Health, Environment and Ecology aspects.Financial Management Committee The committee looks upon the matters pertaining to Budget, Delegation of power commercial issues, Forex and Treasury Management, Capital structure, Issue of Securities, Short and long term loans periodical performance review of subsidiaries. Apart from the above committees, the Board from time to time, constitutes Functional committee with specific terms of reference as it may be fit. Meeting of such committees are held as and when the need for discussing the matter concerning the purpose arises .Time schedule for holding the meetings of such committees are finalized in consultation with the committee members. Code of Conduct for Members of the Board and Senior Management: The Company is committed to conducting business in accordance with the highest standards of business ethics and complying with applicable laws, rules and regulations. A code of conduct, evolved in line with the industry practices was adopted by the board on the recommendations of Audit and Ethics committee. All members of the board and senior management have compliance with the code of conduct for the year.Subsidiary Monitoring Framework: All subsidiaries of the company are Board managed with their boards having their rights and obligations to manage such companies in the best interest of their stakeholders. As a majority shareholder, the company nominates its representatives on the boards of subsidiary company and monitors the performance of company periodically. Disclosures The Company has not entered i nto any material financial or commercial transactions with the Directors or the Management or their relatives or the companies and firms, etc. in which they are either directly or through their relatives interested as Directors and/or Partners except with certain PSUs, where the Directors are Directors without the required shareholdings. The company has compiled with applicable rules and the requirement of regulatory authorities on capital market and no penalties or strictures were imposed on the company. Means of Communication: Quarterly or Annual results News release, Presentation Website Annual Report Guidelines on Corporate Governance by DPE: No Presidential Directive has been issued during 2008-09 and the last three years.No items of expenditure have been debited in books of accounts, which are not for the purpose of business. No expenses, which are personal in nature, have been incurred for the Board of Directors and top management. The administrative and office expenses were 3. 79% of total expenses during 2008- 09 as against 5. 45% during the previous year. The decrease in 2008-09 is on account of reversal in 2008-09 of excess pay revision arrear provided during 2007- 08 and also provision of additional gratuity in 2007-08 due to increase in the maximum amount of gratuity to Rs. 10 Lakh from Rs. 3. 5 Lakh.

Current Events Essays

Current Events Essays Current Events Essay Current Events Essay Fall 2010: Dr. Smith Current Event Assignments The goal of the current event assignments is for you to become familiar with how applicable biology is to your daily life. You are required to turn in two current event summaries (15 pts. each), related to biology but on a topic of your interest. You will complete two current event assignments by finding and reading a recent news article (no earlier than the year 2010) from a journal, magazine, newspaper, or news website (ex. latimes. com, ocregister. com, nytimes. com, cnn. com, newscientist. com, sciencedaily. om, sciam. com, etc. ) You must turn in a copy of the article or a link to the direct website of the article if read online. Read the article and write (must be typed) a full 1 page paper (single spaced, 12 font, normal margins) including the following (label each section): 1. Summary of article: Using your own words summarize the key points (address the five W’s: what, where, when, who and why) of the article. Do not just copy from your article, this is plagiarism! 2. What biology topic does this article reference? Clearly state how your article is related to biology. What topic of biology is being covered? How does this information relate to what you have learned in class? 3. How does this article affect you personally? All events affect us in some way. Be creative and open your thoughts as to how current events are related to you (e. g. socially, ethically, emotionally, economically, etc. ). 4. How will this current news affect future generations? Make a prediction about how lives will be affected 20 30 years from now by this current event. Due dates are: Current Events #1: Sep 20 Current Events #2: Dec 6

Definition of an Activated Complex in Chemistry

Definition of an Activated Complex in Chemistry An activated complex is an intermediate state that is formed during the conversion of reactants into products. An activated complex is the structure that results in the maximum energy point along the reaction path. The activation energy of a chemical reaction is the difference between the energy of the activated complex and the energy of the reactants. How an Activated Complex Works Consider a chemical reaction between reactants A and B to form products C and D. The reactants must collide with each other and interact in order to form the products. Several factors improve the chances that A and B will encounter each other, including increased temperature, increased concentration of reactants, or adding a catalyst. In a reaction with an activated complex, A and B form the complex A-B. The complex only forms if sufficient energy (the activation energy) is present. The energy of the activated complex is higher than that of either the reactants or products, which makes the activated complex unstable and temporary. If there isnt enough energy for the activated complex to form the products, it eventually breaks apart into the reactants. If enough energy is available, the products form. Activated Complex Versus Transition State Some textbooks use the terms transition state and activated complex interchangeably, but they mean different things. The transition state refers only to the highest potential energy of the atoms participating in a chemical reaction. The activated complex covers a range of atom configurations that atoms form on their way from reactant to products. In other words, the transition state is the one molecular configuration that occurs at the peak of the energy diagram of the reaction. The activated complex may be present at any point near the transition state.

Hubble Studies Giant Gas Bubbles Near our Galaxys Core

Hubble Studies Giant Gas Bubbles Near our Galaxy's Core Its an ancient galactic mystery with a modern explanation: two million years ago, something happened at the center of our Milky Way galaxy. Something energetic. Something that sent two huge bubbles of gas billowing out to space. Today, they stretch out across more than 30,000 light-years of space, extending above and below the plane of the Milky Way.  No one was around to see it then at least no humans on Earth. Our earliest primate  ancestors were just learning to walk upright, and astronomy was not likely on their list of activities. So, this major explosion went unnoticed. Yet, it was a titanic event, driving gases and other material outward at two million miles per hour, didnt affect our plane then and it wont likely affect us in the future. However, it does show us what happens when a massive explosion occurs some 25,000 light-years away from our planet. Hubble Sleuths the Cause of the Explosion Astronomers used  Hubble Space Telescope  to look through one lobe of the bubbles toward a very distant quasar. Thats a galaxy that is very bright in  both visible and other wavelengths of light. The quasars passed through the bubbles of gas, which allowed Hubble to peer inside the  bubble to learn more about it- like  looking at a distant light shining through a fog bank.   The enormous structure illustrated in this image was discovered five years ago as a gamma-ray glow on the sky in the direction of the galactic center. The balloon-like features have since been observed in x-rays and radio waves. The Hubble Space Telescope presented a good way to measure the velocity and composition of the mystery lobes.  With the data from HST,  astronomers will work on calculating the mass of the material being blown out of our galaxy. That might also let them figure out just what happened to send all this gas billowing out of the galaxy in the first place. What Caused this Massive Galactic Explosion? The two most likely scenarios that explain these bipolar lobes are 1) a firestorm of star birth at the Milky Ways center or 2) the eruption of its supermassive black hole.   This isnt the first time that gaseous winds and streams of material have been seen coming from the centers of galaxies, but its the first time astronomers have detected evidence for them in our own galaxy.   The giant lobes are called Fermi Bubbles. They were initially spotted using NASAs Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope to track gamma-rays.  These emissions are a powerful clue that a violent event in the galaxys core aggressively launched energized gas into space. To provide more information about the outflows, Hubbles Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) studied the ultraviolet light from a distant quasar that lies beyond the base of the northern bubble. Imprinted on that light as it travels through the lobe is information about the velocity, composition, and temperature of the expanding gas inside the bubble, which only COS can provide. The COS data show that the gas is rushing from the galactic center at roughly 3 million kilometers an hour (2 million miles an hour). of the gas at approximately 17,500 degrees Fahrenheit, which is much cooler than most of the 18-million-degree gas in the outflow. This cooler gas means that some interstellar gas could be getting caught up in the outflow.   COS observations also reveal that the clouds of gas contain the elements silicon, carbon, and aluminum.  These are produced inside stars.   Does this mean that star formation or star death is involved in the original event that formed the bubbles? Astronomers think that one possible cause for the outflows is a star-making frenzy near the galactic center. Eventually, those hot, young massive stars die in supernova explosions, which blow out gas. If a lot of them exploded at once, it might spur the formation of a huge gas bubble.   Another scenario has a star or a group of stars falling onto the Milky Ways supermassive black hole. When that happens, gas superheated by the black hole blasts deep into space and that could be what filled out the bubbles.   Those bubbles are short-lived compared to the age of our galaxy (which is more than 10 billion years old). Its possible that these arent the first bubbles to billow out from the core. It could have happened before.   Astronomers will continue to look at these bubbles using distant quasars as illuminators, so it might not be too long before we hear just what it was that caused a huge commotion at the heart of the Milky Way Galaxy.  They may well also be interested in studying smaller such bubbles that form as a result of supernova explosions and the actions of hot young stars. Such bubbles actually work to protect systems encased within. One example is the Local Interstellar Cloud, which encases the solar system today. In a few tens of thousands of years, the Sun and planets will move outside of it, exposing our system to radiation levels it hasnt experienced for a long time.

Accounting Recognition of Sales Revenue Research Proposal

Accounting Recognition of Sales Revenue - Research Proposal Example Generally Accepted Accounting Principal (GAAP) with regard to recognition of revenue is covered by FASB Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No.5. As per paragraph 83 of said SFAC No.5 , revenue â€Å"recognition involve consideration of two factors, a) being realized and realizable, and b) being earned, with some time one and sometimes the other being the most important consideration†. Both criteria are required to be accomplished before the revenue is recognized. The revenue is treated as realized when cash is received for sale of product; and revenue is termed as realizable when a promise to pay is received and that may be either verbal promise to pay or written in the shape of notes receivable. The second condition is that the revenue must be earned. Revenue is treated as earned when enforceable exchange takes place of considerations. That is to say deliveries of goods have been given and promise to pay has been received. Take the case of credit sales where goods have delivered at the time transaction was entered into. In such a transaction a verbal promise to pay has been created on acceptance of delivery by buyer. Accordingly it can be said that revenue has been earned at the time of occurrence of a verbal promise to pay. Again as per SFAC No.5 before recognition of a transaction four basic criteria namely, the arising of basic element of asset or liability or change in equity through such transaction, measurability, relevance, and reliability, are required to be fulfilled.

Social Media In a business environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Social Media In a business environment - Essay Example The report is based on the study of the importance of social media and social networking in the retail business sector. A thorough research of various literatures has been done to understand the importance of social media and social networking for the improvement of the business sectors. It has also been analysed that how the adoption of social media in a retail enterprise can transform the interaction procedure between the organisation and their stakeholders. The five steps of the social media success have been thoroughly followed to introduce new social media strategies for a retail enterprise. These steps include the analysis of the existing social media and social media trinity, integration of all the possible strategies, identification of resources and metrics implementation (Safko, 2010). This analysis is further focused on generating valuable strategies which will assist a retail enterprise to implement the successful usage of social media and network in their business develop ment. It has described that how the incorporation of social media and network in business operation will support and enhance its internal as well as external communications and knowledge management. On the other hand the report has also indicated the obstacles and issues related to the adoption of social media in the business enterprise. The company which has been discussed in this study is a local enterprise. It has a total of 45 retail outlets which mainly deals in apparel and accessories. The organisation also has their website to sell their product but it is not very profit making. The organisation is introducing the kid garment segment in its 20 retail centres. Since last two years the organisation is facing a huge competition in the market. The retail industry is growing to be one of the largest sectors in the global market. There are a huge number of established

Leadership Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Leadership Analysis - Essay Example Leadership qualities in the roles of such characters as Brian Cassidy, Elliot Stabler, Amanda Rollins, Nick Amaro, Fin Tutuola, John Munch, and Olivia Benson come into sharp focus as cases of sexual assault characterize their daily duties (Green, Dawn & Wolf, 2009). Viewers have a chance to witness the backdrop of the most thrilling and bizarre occurrences of the conditions facing their victims and the overwhelming interrogations the detectives involve the suspects. Personal skills, character traits remain as the most overt leadership qualities in the twelve series show. This research paper examines the extent to which human involvement employ the leadership theories as seen in the T.V series, Law & Order: Special Victim Unit. Law & Order: Special Victims Unit is a fascinating T.V series, a crime drama of the Law $ Order (Green, Dawn & Wolf, 2009). It is a daily activity of detectives, who work in the Special Victim Unit of the 16th Precinct. This unit, set from the New York City Pol ice Department, centers on crimes related to rape, sexual attack, and child molestation. All these are inhumane acts and subject to the Holy book are punishable. The unit captures all other closely related to domestic mistreatment such as household cruelty, kidnapping, and child desertion. Since its premiere in 1999, the series has largely featured four detectives, who tirelessly work for the unit (Green, Dawn & Wolf, 2009). As the program is in a season series format many seasons, in most of them, five detectives seem to run the show under the leadership of Donald Cragen. For the detectives work to be complete and decisive, the unit has a prosecutor assigned form the DA’s office. The main role of the prosecutor is to interact with the assigned examiners and the unit’s psychiatrist George Huang (Green, Dawn & Wolf, 2009). As the series unfolds into the different seasons, related characters come in full view. Series is largely about things, which need continual talking throughout our daily lives. The detective’s moves and involvements focus on things that everyone sees only in cable news, and this makes domestic crime revelation that it is a serious act of violation. The series creates awareness to its viewers. This makes the cases and the characters a big part of why the series has had a long and a successful run. As viewers watch the detectives run through daily operations, one gets a mixer of different people operating on a different level of thinking, and operations. Even though the show is enjoyable, and its content interesting, some of the scenes are downright offensive. Viewers can see the leadership rationale employed by the protagonist of the show in making some decision sometimes going beyond human ethics. For example, the detectives make entries into people’s lives and homes without consideration of their cultural, religious, or lifestyle practices. This goes beyond the Biblical principle of extending honor unto others. As much the operations of any police department deserve no boundaries in pursuit of justice towards their clients, the unit leadership ethics should have embraced some decency. As a viewer, sometimes you would wonder why this policing system in the unit beat up suspects, sometimes with no consequences. Does it mean that the legal system they use is purely for their own gain? According to the Holy Law, any interrogation should be subjective and none-coaxing. For example, in some scenes

NSPCC is a charity organization aimed to protect children from abuse Essay

NSPCC is a charity organization aimed to protect children from abuse and family violence - Essay Example A charity like NSPCC operates in a complex environment influenced by political and social difficulties, family relations and laws. The vulnerability of the charity like NSPCC is determined by its degree of dependency on a resource and the external sources of this resource (i.e., the greater the dependency, the higher the potential for loss of autonomy). NSPCC depends upon resources and philanthropy (NSPCC Home Page 2008). 7 Ps model can be applied to NSPCC and its activities. The main Ps are product, price, promotion and place. Strong position of a charity organization is based on brand loyalty and high quality of service range. The likely decision process of the target market is the quality and unique taste that appeals to the consumers' minds with offerings. Product positioning is characterized by establishing trustworthiness, confidence, and competence for customers. NSPCC establishes trustworthiness and unique image as a children's rights organization (McDonald and Christopher 23). This strategy is supported by the "buying process" and the pricing, and as the most important high quality of all services. Pricing decisions influence the organization forcing it to find new ways to reduce costs. NSPCC can use flexible cost-plus pricing to ensure that its services are competitive in the context of the particular market environment. NSPCC has to spend its own resources in order to meet the requirements focusing on technological efforts, security and support. NSPCC opens new officers and involves different social institutions in order to meet needs and demands of the target audience. As a typical marketing company, NSPCC promotes its activities and policies including public relations and advertising campaigns. Modern marketing is customer-oriented, so a charity organization like NSPCC depends upon physical layout, customer service and processes concerning customer service. Unique services help NSPCC to sustain its market position and develop strategies according to current needs and demands of the target audience. Given the increasing turbulence and complexity of the market place, and the rapid pace and impact of technological change, the need for a disciplined, systematic approach to the market has never been greater. Customer service and processes involve call centers and support, people's centers and live chats, etc. Physical layout involves attention to learning environments a nd attractive layout of agencies, etc. in sum, these features show that NSPCC follows marketing principle of a traditional business applying them to unique environment and purposes (McDonald and Christopher 29). The location of the customer is not strictly physical, though. In many if not most instances of service-giving, location is preponderantly psychological. Even physical location is likely to be chosen for its psychological "image" association or its easy exploitation of well-established customer habit. Successful service is always as much an entertainment

The Role of Mitosis and Miosis In Cancer Tistes Antigen (CTA) Literature review - 1

The Role of Mitosis and Miosis In Cancer Tistes Antigen (CTA) - Literature review Example In this work called "The Role of Mitosis and Meiosis in Cancer Testis Antigen (CTA)" author overviews the connection between differentiation failure and cancer development in patients with testis cancer. Division of germ cells has special features that make this illness distinguished in comparison with the other groups of cancer diseases. It is a well-known fact that the germ cell line derives from the primordial germ cells. These cells basically migrate through the dorsal mesentery of the embryo and then enter the fetal gonad that is developing in the genital ridge. In males, in this genital ridge, the primordial germ cells are enclosed by somatic Sertoli cells and are known as prospermatogonia. These proliferate for a few days and then rest at G0 or G1 of cell cycle until puberty. When the individual attains puberty, the proliferation of the prospermatogonia resumes, thus initiating spermatogenesis. Spermatogonia are the male germline stem cells and they proliferate from puberty al l through the adult life. Two meoitic divisions are involved in this step and a tetraploid of primary spermatocytes are first formed which further undergo meiosis to form haploid sperms. Cancer Testis Antigens or CTAs like MAGE and NY-ESO-1 are basically expressed in these spermatogonia. This tiny investigation is aimed at defining role reasons of CT development in patients, who are included in the high-risk group. Tables, statistics and scientific evidence-based argumentation without any doubt will help you to get the highest A!

NSPCC is a charity organization aimed to protect children from abuse Essay

NSPCC is a charity organization aimed to protect children from abuse and family violence - Essay Example A charity like NSPCC operates in a complex environment influenced by political and social difficulties, family relations and laws. The vulnerability of the charity like NSPCC is determined by its degree of dependency on a resource and the external sources of this resource (i.e., the greater the dependency, the higher the potential for loss of autonomy). NSPCC depends upon resources and philanthropy (NSPCC Home Page 2008). 7 Ps model can be applied to NSPCC and its activities. The main Ps are product, price, promotion and place. Strong position of a charity organization is based on brand loyalty and high quality of service range. The likely decision process of the target market is the quality and unique taste that appeals to the consumers' minds with offerings. Product positioning is characterized by establishing trustworthiness, confidence, and competence for customers. NSPCC establishes trustworthiness and unique image as a children's rights organization (McDonald and Christopher 23). This strategy is supported by the "buying process" and the pricing, and as the most important high quality of all services. Pricing decisions influence the organization forcing it to find new ways to reduce costs. NSPCC can use flexible cost-plus pricing to ensure that its services are competitive in the context of the particular market environment. NSPCC has to spend its own resources in order to meet the requirements focusing on technological efforts, security and support. NSPCC opens new officers and involves different social institutions in order to meet needs and demands of the target audience. As a typical marketing company, NSPCC promotes its activities and policies including public relations and advertising campaigns. Modern marketing is customer-oriented, so a charity organization like NSPCC depends upon physical layout, customer service and processes concerning customer service. Unique services help NSPCC to sustain its market position and develop strategies according to current needs and demands of the target audience. Given the increasing turbulence and complexity of the market place, and the rapid pace and impact of technological change, the need for a disciplined, systematic approach to the market has never been greater. Customer service and processes involve call centers and support, people's centers and live chats, etc. Physical layout involves attention to learning environments a nd attractive layout of agencies, etc. in sum, these features show that NSPCC follows marketing principle of a traditional business applying them to unique environment and purposes (McDonald and Christopher 29). The location of the customer is not strictly physical, though. In many if not most instances of service-giving, location is preponderantly psychological. Even physical location is likely to be chosen for its psychological "image" association or its easy exploitation of well-established customer habit. Successful service is always as much an entertainment

Principles of Database Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Principles of Database Design - Essay Example At the same time, it retains value system integrity and competitive advantage. The plan is a framework for continual operations under adverse circumstances such as crime or disaster. A disaster recovery plan is a document created to protect a business IT infrastructure in case of a disaster. It comprehensively specifies the actions a business should take before, during and after the disaster Disaster recovery plans take place as a compartment of defining the steps undertaken in business continuity planning. The physical and logical units in an IT environment that necessitate the application of business continuity procedures include internal and external disk storage, microcode and firmware, disk partitions and networking design. The database design principles employed in disaster recovery entail: creating baseline specifications for primary systems e.g. PBX system and secondary systems like call centre or voicemail, determining how and if the system would interfere with the existing systems, establishing who will be using the system and whether network assets are necessary, determining database security, change control requirements (Blokdija et al, 2008). A database-oriented product can be designed depending on the business continuity or disaster recovery activity to be performed- single location or system, maintenance, risk assessment and incident response plans.  E-commerce is accelerating the necessity of shorter recovery points and times and greater concentration on dedicated recovery solutions. Business enterprises are more systematized for business continuity planning as a result of greater risks. Many emerging technologies are designed to increase business continuity elasticity, reduce recovery times and reduce expenses. Manufacturers are introducing emergency backup programs into the market to facilitate an increase in CPU capacity during emergency conditions. The increases are stable and paid for per consumption.

Why I Want a Wife Essay Example for Free

Why I Want a Wife Essay Matthews and Cofer both came from different cultures and both have problems. They lived two completely different lives. Both Matthew and Cofer worried about their friends excepting the fact that they had another culture. They both lived in the United States but had another life that they didn’t like sharing, but their family would not let them forget about it. In â€Å"Don’t Call Me a Hot Tamale† Cofer, â€Å"Pick One,† Matthews, and â€Å"My Two Lives,† Lahiri all face similar adversity, social problems, and tough decision. In all three stories they have different but sometimes life changing decision to make. In â€Å"Don’t Call Me a Hot Tamale,† Cofer, â€Å"Pick One,† Matthews, and â€Å"My Two Lives,† Lahiri all have different yet similar adversity. They all face dilemmas in their everyday life. In â€Å"Don’t Call Me a Hot Tamale,† Cofer gets criticized for the way dressed. When she dresses like her mother and grandmother was taught to wear. They dressed to look sexy for themselves. But others looked down on her for that. In â€Å"Pick One,† Matthews he has to make a decision that he would have to live with the rest of his life. Either he chose to be white or black. Matthews was both black and Jewish. Matthews’s mother was Jewish and his father was black. When he went to his first day of his new school, the kids looked at him. They made him chose black or white. In â€Å"My Two Lives,† Lahiri never got to forget about her second culture. Her parents reminded her every day. Social problems were a big deal for Cofer, Matthews, and Lahiri. They all went through some kind of social problems. In â€Å"Don’t Call Me Hot Tamale,† Judith Ortiz Cofer has social problems because of the way she dresses. People don’t want to talk to a person like her that dresses like that. One night she was having dinner at a nice hotel and after she ate, she went back to her room, and on her way a middle-aged man in a tuxedo stopped her and started singing her a song. In â€Å"Pick One,† David Matthews he has social problems at his new school. One day in the hallway, on his way to class some of his classmates stopped him. Some of the kids were asking him black or white? â€Å"What are you. † He had never heard that before. He went on about his business. Later that day, it was lunch time. He walked into the lunch room and he knew right then he had to pick. It was a very hard decision to make. He made the decision to be white because they looked the most like him, and had more in common with them. In â€Å"My Two Lives,† Jhumpa Lahiri was afraid her friends wouldn’t accept her because she had two cultures. But her parents wouldn’t let her forget about her other culture. She spoke English without a accent, she comprehended the language in a way her parents couldn’t. Because of her looks she did not attend Sunday school. Conflict of growing up was hard for all three of these people â€Å"Don’t Call Me a Hot Tamale,† Cofer, â€Å"Pick One,† Matthews, and â€Å"My Two Lives,† Lahiri all moved from a different country when they was young. They had to learn a new language, understand how to speak English, and make new friends. Even after they mastered the language people still looked at them differently. Judith Ortiz Cofer had to live with people looking at her for the way she dressed. But that was how her mother and grandmother dressed. David Matthews had to live with making a decision that would follow him the rest of his life. His mother was Jewish and his father was black. He had a lot of conflict while he was growing up. Jhumpa Lahiri parents wouldn’t let her forget about her other culture. Hey told her until they pasted away that her second culture would be in her life. In â€Å"Don’t Call Me a Hot Tamale,† Judith Ortiz Cofer, â€Å"Pick One,† David Matthews, and â€Å"My Two Lives,† Jhumpa Lahiri all have different yet similar adversity’s, social problems, and conglict of growing up. In all three stories they all go through life changing experiences. Cofer goes through things because of the way she dresses. Matthews goes through school and has to pick what color he is. And last Lahiri worries about her friends accepting her for who she is.

Quality of Service (QoS) Requirements for ROIA

Quality of Service (QoS) Requirements for ROIA Real-Time Online Interactive Applications (ROIA), demand very high Quality of Service (QoS) on the underlying network. These demands can vary on run time depending on number of users. However, Traditional networks cannot fulfill dynamic QoS requirements. SDN based networks use Northbound API to provide communication between applications and SDN. For SDN community, creating and standardizing Northbound API is still in progress. In this paper specifications of SDN Northbound API are described that allow ROIA to fulfil dynamic network requirements. ROIA using SDN based networks, Northbound API allows applications to specify their requirements on the network and communicates these requirement to SDN controller. The SDN controller then tries to accommodate requested requirements by reconfiguring the network. The North bound API is divided into two parts a) A base API; which provides generic network control functionalities along with management of QoS requirements and b) An Application lev el API; that targets ROIA developer to specify about achieved QoS demands. This provides a promising dynamic QoS demands for ROIA. The proposed specifications of Northbound API are also analyzed based on different scenarios of ROIA. Large scale or multi domain and multi operators SDN with distributed control plane and multiple controller are easy to manage as each operator wants to manage their own domain according to their own requirements. This paper presents an OpenFlow based end-to-end QoS architecture for distributed control plane architectures. Each controller calculates an optimal QoS based route within its domain and then shares its aggregated information with other domain controllers for secure and scalable inter-domain routing. To support this effect, a network topology aggregation and link summarization methods are also proposed. The main advantage of proposed methods are i) Scalable QoS support; the size of optimization problem depends on boarder nodes rather than total number of nodes and ii) security; the topology aggregation does not completely reveals its network information from one domain to the another domain. To analyze the performance of proposed techniques in terms of quality, cost and memo ry overhead are applied on streaming of layered video. The received quality of video showed that proposed distributed solution works better for large scale networks. Currently, Quality of Service (QoS) requirement over the Internet is a major concern for a business customers. However, present network infrastructure and architecture are inflexible to fulfill increased QoS requirements. SDN well-known technologies OpenFlow, OF-Config (OpenFlow Configuration and Management protocol), and OVSDB (Open vSwitch Database Management protocol) for the Future Internet, enables flexibility by separating the control plane and networking devices. A resilient differentiation framework for OpenFlow networks is implemented and tested for single AS (Autonomous System) and multiple AS scenarios. The results showed that high-priority traffic can get precedence over best-effort traffic even on failure condition. Moreover, the implemented framework is in fact resilient to failures and is able to maintain the desired QoS performance, adapting to the available links and providing the necessary configurations in real-time. In SDN-enable devices, Ternary Content Addressable Memory (TCAM) stores critical hardware rules for high-speed processing of packets. TCAM is an expensive and energy-consuming it cannot be applied to each switch individually. A multiplexing scheme for rule placement is proposed to efficiently use TCMA. Same set of rules are deployed on each node and are applied to the whole session flowing through but with different forwarding paths. Rule placement problem minimizes the space occupation for multiple unicast sessions flowing under some QoS constraints. An optimization problem is also formulated by considering routing engineering (with or without candidate path) and rule placement under both the existing (Without rule multiplexing) and proposed (with rule multiplexing) schemes. Simulations are also performed to show effective use of TCMA resources by using proposed techniques. For a large scale networks with centralized controller, per-flow admission control is a challenge for scalability of OpenFlow enabled switch. Processing each individual flow causes traffic overhead in frequent communications between switches and controller. To solve this problem, a model for QoS provisioning in SDN is proposed that works on admission control with flow aggregation. Flow aggregation combines an individual flow with same forwarding and performance requirement into an aggregate flow, which can be processed as one flow for admission control as well as forwarding decisions. Some analysis techniques are also developed for determining required amount of allocated bandwidth and buffer space at switches to guarantee delay and packet loss performance requirements. Numerical calculations are also provided in the paper that show the effectiveness of proposed techniques. SDN and OpenFlow allows the implementation of traditional networking techniques like routing, load balancing and QoS approaches. QoS of network can be determined by analyzing these factors that how a particular network treats and handles a packet. Packet-switched networks usually cause low through put, packets dropping, jitter latency and many more. In this paper a quality of service mechanism that is to use DiffServ (DSCP) module with common queuing policy is discussed. Floodlight is an Open SDN Controller used by companies such as BigSwitch for faster adoption and network virtualization in SDN. Resource management is the major problem in computer networks and is still not resolved. Unfortunately, with the innovation of technology the network architecture remained in same state for decades. SDN is an emerging paradigm that allows to control entire network behavior through logically centralized software program. This made network management possible through the separation of control plane that controls the network and the physical devices i.e. switches and routers that are used for the routing of traffic. An OpenFlow protocol enables top control layer to communicate with ground data layer. The network operators thus can control the whole network behavior through high level written control programs. Also, centralization of control logic allows to perform complex operations on network e.g. management and control of network resources. With the growing QoS demands of real time applications, SDN allows network programmers to design protocols that ensure required performance. In this thesis, the SDN and OpenFlow is used to manage differentiated network services with high QoS. Initially, an architecture for QoS management and orchestration is defined, that allows to manage the network modularity. Then, an integration between the presented architecture and the paradigm defined by SDN is provided. The designed network architecture offers a stringent and differentiated QoS requirements. The model is then executed using different parameters, depending on the communication protocol, and provided optimal results to be implemented on a network.

Bullying and Violence in Public Schools Essay -- Religion in Public Sc

Bullying and Violence in Public Schools Although bullying has always been a problem in schools, it has more recently become a bigger crisis with vicious consequences. â€Å"However it is defined, bullying is not just child’s play, but a terrifying experience many schoolchildren face everyday. It can be as direct as teasing, hitting or threatening, or as indirect as exclusions, rumors or manipulation† (Garrett 2). Most kids do not think certain actions are classified as bullying, yet they do not realize the severity of the way they treat their peers. What they may see as â€Å"joking around† can be viewed as them being a bully, and they may even be hurting someone’s feelings without realizing the effect that they have. This can then lead to school violence, which is a prevalent issue in today’s society. There are many causes to bullying and school violence and many effects as well. However, if dealt with properly, there are ways to solve these prevailing problems. â€Å"One in seven children is a bully or the target of a bully, according to the National Association of School Psychologists† (Garrett 34). Therefore, it is important that everyone understands what causes this much bullying to occur. One of the first things influencing kids is violence in the media. â€Å"Countless studies have determined that there is an irrefutable link between violence in the media and violent behavior in children, argues former secretary of education William J. Bennett† (Grapes 57). Popular culture seems to have an enormous effect on the young, and a lot of times it is not in a positive manner. For example, many television shows and movies show violence in school. The movie Scream is about two high school students who are trying... ...or problems, especially in today’s society. There are many reasons why these issues arise, and many negative effects that stem from them. It is pertinent that solutions are brought about so that children can stop being hurt. â€Å"In our quest to provide the quality education that our children deserve, this problem can no longer be treated lightly† (Garrett 2). If this problem of the present can be turned around to make a brighter future, school will be a safer place where all students can be comfortable and able to succeed. Bibliography Garrett, Anne G. Bullying in American Schools: Causes, Preventions, Interventions. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2003. Grapes, Bryan J. School Violence: Contemporary Issues Companion. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2000. Hurst, Marianne D. â€Å"When It Comes to Bullying, There Are No Boundaries.† Education Week. 24 (2005): 8.

Martial Arts Swot Analysis

Mixed Martial Arts SWOT Analysis Mixed Martial Arts is a company provides a safe, realistic martial arts training environment that will allowed the students to grow in their confidences by developing the student’s physical attributes, mental strength, and indomitable spirit. STRENGTHS -A focus on community awareness’s by teaching self defense for all ages -A focus on child development and discipline in society -A focus on continued education for adults and groups of interest -The ability to teach all ages about different types of martial arts and explore the abilities of learning them. – Limited startup risk Family friendly environment; great for the whole family – Provides counseling to individual who have been previously attacked WEAKNESSES – Competitors offer similar options – We are offering to a specific target market which could hurt us if competition is offering to larger target market. – Limited flexibility in programs – Competitors have more experienced staff. – Availability of space. If the locations are limited, then the class sizes are limited and there for we would be limited on how many per class at a time. OPPOTRUNITIES – Urban, city location or locations with large populations. Women’s and children self defense classes. – Exploring ADHD and other disabilities or handicaps that can benefit from martial arts. – Tournaments or competitions hosted by our facility. – An in facility store that sells items like martial arts gear and clothing, training equipment, and self defense items like pepper spray or tasers. – Expansion for online sales THREATS – Dwindling local population – A shortage of equipment – Too many local competitors – A poor economy – Changes in regulations can impact the business – Continual insurance costs increasing – Increase in price inputs can cause upward pricing

Different Type of Programming Language Essay

1. Charles Babbage Charles Babbage, FRS (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer who originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered a â€Å"father of the computer†, Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer that eventually led to more complex designs. Parts of his uncompleted mechanisms are on display in the London Science Museum. In 1991, a perfectly functioning difference engine was constructed from Babbage’s original plans. Built to tolerances achievable in the 19th century, the success of the finished engine indicated that Babbage’s machine would have worked. Nine years later, the Science Museum completed the printer Babbage had designed for the difference engine. 2. Ali Aydar Ali Aydar is a computer scientist and Internet entrepreneur. He is currently the chief executive officer at Sporcle. He is best known as an early employee and key technical contributor at the original Napster, the file-sharing service created by Shawn Fanning in 1999, and atSNOCAP, the digital rights and content management startup Fanning founded after Napster. He was also chief operating officer of imeem, which acquired SNOCAP in 2008. Aydar’s experiences working at Napster were documented in two books: Joseph Menn’s definitive Napster biography, All the Rave: The Rise and Fall of Shawn Fanning’s Napster, and Steve Knopper’s Appetite for Self Destruction: The Spectacular Crash of the Record Industry in the Digital Age. 3. Edwin Earl Catmull Edwin Earl Catmull, Ph.D. (born March 31, 1945) is a computer scientist and  current president of Walt Disney Animation Studios and Pixar Animation Studios. As a computer scientist, Catmull has contributed to many important developments in computer graphics. Edwin Earl Catmull was born in Parkersburg, West Virginia. Early in life, Catmull found inspiration in Disney movies such as Peter Pan and Pinocchio and dreamed of becoming a feature film animator. He even made primitive animation using so-called flip-books. However, he assessed his chances realistically and decided that his talents lay elsewhere. Instead of pursuing a career in the movie industry, he used his talent in math and studied physics and computer science at the University of Utah. After graduating, he worked as a computer programmer at The Boeing Company in Seattle for a short period of time and also at the New York Institute of Technology, before returning to Utah to go to graduate school in fall of 1970. 4. Joyce K. Reynolds Joyce K. Reynolds is a computer scientist.  Reynolds holds bachelor’s and master’s degrees from the University of Southern California, United States. She has been active in the development of the protocols underlying the Internet. In particular, she has authored or co-authored many RFCs, most notably those introducing and specifying the Telnet, FTP, and POP protocols. Joyce Reynolds served as part of the editorial team of the Request For Comments series from 1987 to 2006, and also performed the IANA function with Jon Postel until this was transferred to ICANN, and worked with ICANN in this role until 2001, while remaining an employee of ISI. As Area Director of the User Services area, she was a member of the Internet Engineering Steering Group of the IETF from 1990 to March 1998 Together with Bob Braden, she received the 2006 Postel Award in recognition of her services to the Internet. She is mentioned, along with a brief biography, in RFC 1336, Who’s Who in the Internet(1992). 5. Willem Van Der Poel Willem Louis van der Poel (2 December 1926, The Hague) is a pioneering Dutch computer scientist, who is known for designing the ZEBRA computer. In 1950 he obtained an engineering degree in applied science at Delft University of Technology. In 1956 he obtained his PhD degree from the University of Amsterdam. The title of his PhD thesis was The  Logical Principles of Some Simple Computers. From 1950 until 1967 he worked for the Dutch PTT, and from 1962 till 1988 was (part time) professor at Delft University of Technology. He was also the first chairman of IFIP Working Group 2.1 on ALGOL, from 1962 to 1968. Van der Poel is primarily known as a Dutch computer pioneer, designer of Testudo, the PTERA, the ZERO, and the ZEBRA computer. He also contributed to Algol 68 and LISP for the ZEBRA. He is said to be the originator of the Zero One Infinity rule, which suggests that software designs should not impose arbitrary limits on the number of instances of a particular entity: if more than a single instance of it is to be allowed, then the collection size should be without fixed limit. 6. Max Overmars Markus Hendrik Overmars (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈmÉ‘rk ˈÉ ¦Ã‰â€ºn.drÉ ªk ˈoË .vÉ™r.ËÅ'mÉ‘rs], born 29 September 1958 in Zeist, Netherlands)[1] is a Dutch computer scientist and teacher of game programming known for his game development application Game Maker. Game Maker lets people create computer games using a drag-and-drop interface. He is the head of the Center for Geometry, Imaging, and Virtual Environments at Utrecht University, in the Netherlands. This research center concentrates on computational geometry and its application in areas like computer graphics, robotics, geographic information systems, imaging, multimedia, virtual environments, and games. 7. Thomas Eugene Kurtz Thomas Eugene Kurtz (born February 22, 1928) is an American computer scientist who co-developed the BASIC programming language during 1963 to 1964, together with John G. Kemeny. In 1951, Dr. Kurtz’s first experience with computing came at the Summer Session of the Institute for Numerical Analysis at University of California, Los Angeles. His interests have included numerical analysis,statistics, and computer science ever since. Dr. Kurtz graduated from Knox College in 1950, and was awarded a Ph.D. degree from Princeton University in 1956, where his advisor was John Tukey, and joined the Mathematics Department of Dartmouth College that same year. In 1963 to 1964, Dr. Kurtz and Kemeny developed the first version of the Dartmouth Time-Sharing System, a time-sharing system for university use,  and the BASIC language. From 1966 to 1975, Dr. Kurtz served as Director of the Kiewit Computation Center at Dartmouth, and from 1975 to 1978, Director of the Office of Academic Computing. From 1980 to 1988 Dr. Kurtz was Director of the Computer and Information Systems program at Dartmouth, a ground-breaking multidisciplinary graduate program to develop IS leaders for industry. Subsequently, Dr. Kurtz returned to teaching full-time as a Professor of Mathematics, with an emphasis on statistics and computer science. 8. Andrew Ng Andrew Ng is an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science at Stanford University, and Director of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Lab. He is also a co-founder of Coursera, an online education platform. His work is primarily in machine learning and robotics. He received his PhD from the University of California, Berkeley. His early work includes the Stanford Autonomous Helicopter project, which developed one of the most capable autonomous helicopters in the world, and the STAIR (STanford Artificial Intelligence Robot) project, which resulted in ROS, a widely used open-source robotics software platform. 9. Simon Colton Simon Colton (London, 1973) is a British computer scientist, currently working in the Computational Creativity Group at Imperial College London, where he holds the position of Reader. He graduated from the University of Durham with a degree in Mathematics, gained a MSc. in Pure Mathematics at the University of Liverpool, and finally a PhD in Artificial Intelligence from the University of Edinburgh, under the supervision of Professor Alan Bundy. Simon is the driving force behind thepaintingfool.com, an artificial intelligence that he hopes will one day be accepted as an artist in its own right. His work, along with that of Maja Pantic and Michel Valstar, won the British Computing Society Machine Intelligence Award in 2007. The work has also been the subject of some media attention. Prior to his work on The Painting Fool, Simon worked on the HR tool, a reasoning tool that was applied to discover mathematical concepts. The system successfully discovered theorems and conjectures, some of which were novel enough to become published works. 10. David E. Shaw David Elliot Shaw (born March 29, 1951) is an American computer scientist and computational biochemist who founded D. E. Shaw & Co., a hedge fundcompany which was once described by Fortune magazine as â€Å"the most intriguing and mysterious force on Wall Street.† A former faculty member in the computer science department at Columbia University, Shaw made his fortune exploiting inefficiencies in financial markets with the help of state-of-the-art high speed computer networks. In 1996, Fortune magazine referred to him as â€Å"King Quant† because of his firm’s pioneering role in high-speed quantitative trading. In 2001, Shaw turned to full-time scientific research in computational biochemistry, more specifically molecular dynamics simulations of proteins. Different Types of Web Programming Languages Used for creating and editing pages on the web. Can do anything from putting plain text on a webpage, to accessing and retrieving data from a database. Vary greatly in terms of power and complexity. * HTML Hyper Text Markup Language. The core language of the world wide web that is used to define the structure and layout of web pages by using various tags and attributes. Although a fundamental language of the web, HTML is static – content created with it does not change. HTML is used to specify the content a webpage will contain, not how the page functions. Learn HTML at our HTML tutorials section. * XML Extensible Markup Language. A language developed by the W3C which works like HTML, but unlike HTML, allows for custom tags that are defined by programmers. XML allows for the transmission of data between applications and organizations through the use of its custom tags. * Javascript A language developed by Netscape used to provide dynamic and interactive content on webpages. With Javascript it is possible to communicate with HTML, create animations, create calculators, validate forms, and more. Javascript is often confused with Java, but they are two different languages. Learn Javascript at our Javascript tutorials section. * VBScript Visual Basic Scripting Edition. A language developed by Microsoft that works only in Microsoft’s Internet Explorer web browser and web browsers based on the Internet Explorer engine such as FlashPeak’s Slim Browser. VBScript Can be used to print dates, make calculations, interact with the user, and more. VBScript is based on Visual Basic, but it is much simpler. Learn VBScript at our VBScript tutorials section. * PHP Hypertext Preprocessor (it’s a recursive acronym). A powerful language used for many tasks such as data encryption, database access, and form validation. PHP was originally created in 1994 By Rasmus Lerdorf. Learn PHP at our PHP tutorials section. * Java A powerful and flexible language created by Sun MicroSystems that can be used to create applets (a program that is executed from within another program) that run inside webpages as well as software applications. Things you can do with Java include interacting with the user, creating graphical programs, reading from files, and more. Java is often confused with Javascript, but they are two different languages. Learn Java at our Java tutorials section.

Accounting and Corporate Governance Essay

The memo is to address the accounting maneuver of Lehman’s Repo 105 (or 108) from perspectives of accounting and corporate governance. The memo will illustrate the role of repo transaction in Lehman’s business model, analyze the accounting irregularities regarding repo by Lehman, observe auditors’ role in these irregularities, and discuss the corresponding accounting and corporate governance issues. In addition, the memo will provide recommendations on how to prevent financial institutions from abusing regulatory deficiencies by emphasizing on the importance of accounting regulation, auditors’ role, and business ethics. See more: Recruitment and selection process essay The major goal of Lehman’s Repo 105 is to temporarily remove troubled securities from its balance sheet while presenting favorable financial statements to its investors, creditors, rating agencies, and the public. By temporarily removing these securities from its balance sheet, Lehman made its leverage ratio much lower. With low leverage ratio, Lehman would keep its credit rating at high level and maintained its customers’ confidence. A repo, or sale and repurchase agreement, is an agreement in which one party transfers to another party as collateral for a short-term borrowing of cash, while simultaneously agreeing to repay the cash and take back the collateral at a specific point in time (SFAS 140). An ordinary repo should be treated as a financing transaction and should be accounted for as a secured borrowing. An ordinary repo is a commonly-used form of secured loan between financial institutions. In fact, repo does not have real economic substance. However, by the Repo 105 transactions, Lehman did the same in an ordinary repo, but because the assets value were 105 percent or more of the cash received, accounting rules permitted the transactions to be treated as sales rather than financing. Lehman aggressively employed Repo 105 transactions before reporting periods at the end of 2007 and the first two quarters of 2008. During the reporting periods, Repo transactions helped Lehman remove assets from balance sheet and use cash received to payback short-term loans. In addition, Lehman did not report any liabilities that reflected the obligation to repay the borrowed funds. After the reporting periods, Lehman would borrow funds to repurchases the transferred assets. Then these assets would be reversed on the balance sheet again. The consideration is whether Lehman’s accounting for Repo 105 violated the Generally Accepted Accounting Principal (the GAAP). Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 140 (SFAS 140) provides the accounting guidelines on repo transactions. A company is permitted to account for these transactions as sales only if the transferor surrenders control over the assets to transferees. To account for a repo transaction as a sale, all three conditions must be met: 1) the transferred assets must be isolated from the transfer, 2) transferee has right to pledge or exchange the assets, 3) the transferor does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets. A typical repo contract can easily meet the first two conditions. However, in order to take advantage of favorable accounting treatment as sales transaction, Lehman has employed some accounting maneuvers to meet the third condition. SFAS 140 (Paragraph 218) states that the transferor’s right to repurchase is not assured unless the repurchase price is 102 percent or less of the cash received, or the cash received is 98 percent or more of the value of the transferred assets. â€Å"The Board believes that other collateral arrangements typical fall well outside that guideline (FASB, 2000, p. 91). † The repurchase price of Repo 105 is 105 percent of the cash received, which is higher than the 102 percent guideline. As a result, Lehman could argue that Repo 105 did not meet the third condition of maintaining effective control, and then classified it as sales. Based upon the above analysis, Lehman’s accounting for Repo 105 seemed to be technically in compliance with the U. S. GAAP. However, Lehman’s bankruptcy examiner Anton R. Valukas (2010) provided evidence showing that Lehman intended to use Repo 105 to manipulate its 10-K and 10-Q financial reporting. Valukas argued that the classification of these repo transactions should be based on its economic substance rather than its form (such as the 102 rule). Since Lehman had clear intent to buy back the transferred assets under Repo 105, these transactions are clearly secured borrowing and should not have been recorded as sales. The obvious accounting irregularity is Lehman’s failure of disclosing Repo 105 transaction in its quarterly and annual financial reports. Valukas (2010)’ report indicates that Lehman’s SEC 10-K and 10-Q filing between 2000 to third quarter, 2007, regularly misrepresented some repo transaction as â€Å"secured borrowings† despite that it actually recorded as sales. In addition, Lehman never disclosed its involvement in Repo 105 its 10-K of 2007 and the first 10-Q of 2008 (Chang et al, 2011). In fact, Lehman has aggressively involved in Repo 105 during the end of 2007 and first two quarters of 2008, removing approximately by $38. billion in fourth quarter 2007, $49. 1 billion in first quarter 2008, and $50. 38 billion in second quarter 2008 (Valukas, 2010). It is clear that Lehman’s misrepresentation and failure of disclosure of its Repo 105 practice is material enough to mislead its investors, debtors, rating agencies and the public. As the auditor of Lehman Brothers, Ernst & Young approved the use of Repo 105 transactions. These transactions were characterized as sales of assets and created a misleading picture of Lehman’s financial position during the financial meltdown. Ernst & Young said in a statement: â€Å"Our last audit of the company was for the fiscal year ending November 30, 2007. Our opinion indicated that Lehman’s financial statements for that year were fairly presented in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, and we remain of that view. † Ernst & Young would like the public to believe their responsibility for Lehman’s financial statements ends with the 2007 10-K. Actually, It does not. According to the examiner’s report, Ernst & Young had just started planning for its year-end audit of Lehman when the firm collapsed into bankruptcy. Lehman remained an E&Y client until the bankruptcy in September 2008. This period included two more 10-Qs. But most troubling for the auditors could be allegations in the examiner’s report that Ernst & Young did not inform the audit committee on Lehman’s board about a whistleblower who had expressed concerns about the repos to them. In a March 2010 letter to its clients, E&Y defended its audit work for Lehman. The letter states that Lehman’s bankruptcy resulted from unprecedented adverse events in the financial markets, declining asset values, and loss of market confidence that caused a collapse in its liquidity. The firm believes the bankruptcy wasn’t caused by accounting or disclosure issues, as Lehman’s financial statements clearly portrayed it as â€Å"a leveraged entity operating in a risky and volatile industry. † The most telling assertion in the complaint concerning E&Y’s alleged misrepresentation of Lehman’s compliance with applicable accounting standards is that E&Y didn’t require the financial statements to reflect economic substance rather than just legal form. In other words, the complaint accuses E&Y of letting Lehman engage in transactions without business purpose in order to achieve a specific financial-statement result. The bankruptcy examiner said that the sole function of Repo 105 transactions as employed by Lehman was to reduce its publicly reported net leverage and net balance sheet. Although Lehman knew that none of its peer companies were using the same accounting tricks to arrive the leverage numbers, it continued to rely on the use of Repo 105 substantially, at a level that is much higher than the originally defined â€Å"materiality† level by the management. As a consequence, it left Lehman with heavy concentrations of illiquid assets which could not be monetized to meet its current obligations (Lehman Brothers Holding Inc. v. Debtors, 2010). The Examiner did not find supporting evidence to bring â€Å"colorable claims† (Lehman Brothers Holding Inc. v. Debtors, 2010) against Lehman’s directors, however, they should have better monitored the managers. And the examiner did find sufficient evidence to support a colorable claim against certain senior officers for breaching their fiduciary duties to shareholders and other stakeholders because they failed to inform the public and shareholders about the substantial use of Repo 105 by non-disclosure of related information and by filing materially misleading periodic reports, which risked the company with potential liabilities; and they also failed to advise the Board of Directors of the Repo 105 practice (Lehman Brothers Holding Inc. v. Debtors, 2010). The examiner also concluded that sufficient evidence existed that Lehman’s quarter? nd Repo 105 practice was material and should have been disclosed in the financial statements. In addition, Lehman had an obligation to disclose required information relate to Repo 105 in its MD&A statement. In terms of accounting malpractice, Lehman’s external auditor, Ernst & Young, was also held responsible for allowing Lehman’s financial reports to go unchallenged. Ernst & Young well knew the practice of Repo 105 adopted by the company, but failed to review the volume and timing of Repo 105 transactions, and failed to access the materiality of information omitted regarding Repo 105 transactions. Furthermore, Ernst & Young failed to conduct investigations with regard to the concern about Repo 105 raised by Matthew Lee, then-Senior President of Finance Division. In conclusion, corporate governance was lacking both internally and externally (Lehman Brothers Holding Inc. v. Debtors, 2010). The accounting irregularity of Lehman’s Repo 105 practice partly due to the deficiencies of accounting rules, however, integrity or accounting professionals as well as business ethics also play an important role in the accounting malpractice. In 2009, FASB issued SFAS 166 to amend SFAS 140. These efforts could close some loophole in accounting standards. Good corporate governance requires not only effective board and ethical top management, but also reliable accounting personnel and independent outside auditors, to properly perform their jobs and fulfill their responsibilities, to create the â€Å"check and balance† that can maintain the financial health of a company and at the same time to reduce agency cost. In case when one party went badly, the others could and should be there to detect the potential problems and to monitor and correct the mistakes. In summary, the ethical challenges faced by E&Y in deciding how to address issues with a long-standing and profitable client may be faced by many public accountants. In fact, accountants in all areas of the profession frequently face similar ethical issues of simultaneously complying with their duties for faithful service and loyalty to their employer or client while respecting their responsibilities to other stakeholders. Doing the right thing† for all concerned may sometimes be an impossible assignment. Guidance such as the overarching principles of honesty, fairness, objectivity, and responsibility contained in the IMA Statement of Ethical Professional Practice will go a long way toward helping all accountants to do the right thing. Doing the right thing is always the best policy in the long run.

Answers to questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Answers to questions - Essay Example In Europe cities, the urban social world is a set of compartments in which most of the people in one compartment encompass no contact with the person in the other compartment. This means that the social life in the region is scrappy. However, advantages of the urban life are weighed against estrangement issues, stress, increased daily costs, and negative social aspects. This comes because of marginalization. From these classical theories, it is clear that people travel to the cities in search of new fortunes, and the social mobility. Industries that provide jobs and exchange in the capital are concentrated in the urban areas, which contribute much into this chief shift from the rural areas. The foreign money flows in a country through the ports and banking systems. In within the urban areas, people move to different within a short period due to proximity to these jobs and other activities. As a result, interaction between these people becomes difficulty since most of the persons are concentrated on their development issues. This has caused a significant stress to these dwellers because they have greater activity in certain areas while their brains are involved negative moods. On the view of the principal division in the social contact, many issues are in the verge of breaking up like the mental illness, such as schizophrenia, anxiety, and mood disorders. Therefore, these main shifts and little or no contacts render the social life in cities cold and unemotional (Shannon, Kleniewski & Cross, 1991). 2. Coalition The growth coalition is an organization that ensures a level playing field between the real estate development and the citizen in the urban area. The main aim is to promote a vibrant and a sustainable growth as well as enhancing the relationship. Growth coalition is observed in two dimensions, through the national power structure and the local power structure. The local power structures are land based growth coalitions, which seek to intensify the land us e. These structures are opposed by neighborhoods they raid or pollute, and by environmentalists. However, the land based growth coalition has raised a conflict between the growth elites and the neighbors on the growth conditions of increasing rents. This makes the land based structure to take interest that profit them from the increase of the land use. They see their future as uniting link because of common desires to increase their individual packages. Concentrations in the no decent houses are for h low income earners, which is a pressure to the local growth coalition. These growth coalitions face oppositions when it affects neighborhoods or the environment through the high prices, new open ways, the industrial pollution, noise among other factors. This leaves the poor mostly affected in the growth coalitions. In response to this, we should encourage the liberal regimes to expand their opportunities, employment, and services for the poor without challenging the growth coalitions. This will help to increase the developments. Through empowering, the poor and the minority for affordable housing will help much in the development. Other factors that will step up the growth is by acquiring resources to aid in the local government, promote the traditional growth coalitions, as well as the slashed social services. This growth will promote in generating jobs and tax revenues if properly managed (Shannon,

Motivation and Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Motivation and Leadership - Assignment Example It is therefore essential to motivate these employees regardless of their stay period in the organization. This is necessary in building a positive image of the company in the eyes of the workers and the society at large which can enhance smooth renewal of their contract when the need arises. Use of temporary workers There are times when temporary workers prove to be valuable to an organization and certain times when it is inappropriate to use them. It is appropriate to use them when the company needs to reduce its operational costs. This is because permanent workers require things such as security and many benefits in order to sustain them. This is justified from the case study where the Boeing Company has reduced its dependence on permanent staff through making of new hires abroad. Another time when the use of temporary workers is appropriate is when one is working on short-term projects, this is necessary for it enables those people who are experts in a certain area to handle situ ations that they are best suited in. This is evident form the case of Microsoft that says that its contingent employees fluctuate depending on the project that they are working on. They also note that temporary workers are experts in what they do and they complete projects within a short period of time. It is appropriate to use temporary employees on companies that work in cyclical industries. This is because they offer a range of various services. The services can be provided by temporary employees who have a wide range of various skills and hence can fit in that nature of the industry. This is evident from the case study where it states that temps are appealing to those companies in cyclical industries. On the other hand, there exists various times that are deemed to be inappropriate to use temporary employees. It is inappropriate to use them in order to maintain permanent employees when it comes to layoffs. This is a strategy that was used by Boeing Company. It is also inappropri ate to use them when one wants to build a company reputation. This is because temporary workers who come and go cannot be able to build a good image. A program for employee motivation The program that will be put in place to motivate the temporary employees will be the temporary workers incentive and welfare program. This is a program that will oversee that the situation of the workplace employees is improved and they are given incentives to motivate them. It comprises of the element of incentives and welfare. The incentives will be in terms of providing good pay, benefits such as health while the welfare is concerned with good working environment and responsibility. The program will also oversee that the temporary workers are given a conducive working environment similar to the permanent employees. It will also entail informing the employees effectively concerning the organization and also integrating them to the organization. This in turn creates social ties among workers which wi ll motivate them. Reducing supervision and allowing them to work autonomously gives them confidence and responsibility to oversee that they give effective results. This program is justified for it goes hand in hand with Herzberg’s two factor theory that of hygiene and motivational factors. Hygiene factors are those they contribute to dissatisfaction if they lack in the organization

Peter Eisenman House II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Peter Eisenman House II - Essay Example This paper will proceed to compare the salient points of â€Å"Cardboard Architecture: House I and House II† to support or criticize the building (Appendix A) built by Sita Sanders of Catskills as a college project. Eisenman insisted on the notion of conceptual archituecture as similar to cardboard architecture for its underlying formal relationships going beyond mere shapes nor conventional signs but â€Å"a set of archetypal relationships which affect our most basic sensibilities about our environment,† (Eisenman, 25). The same can be said of Sita Sanders’ house built to look like a mound of earth or a hill, complete with grasses that grew on its roofs. It was described as â€Å"†¦one-room straw-bale †¦right next to her mother’s house,† (Green, P 3). While it has doors, walls, windows, and metal beams that represent the conceptual house, it blends well to its environment, or the architect’s desire on how to make it look like and f unction – beyond a home but a response to pressing needs to address: global warming, extreme cold during winter, improvement of the natural habitat.

Link Between Language Acquisition and Learning Disabilities Essay

Link Between Language Acquisition and Learning Disabilities - Essay Example Behavioral as well as public elements as well need mastery, together with expertise such as connecting, acting in response, and sustaining mutual relations with others. The nature and value of these communication abilities show a discrepancy and modify in due course for successful communicators. From the age of 1 year till 3 years, there is a broad deviation in the level of standard speech and language improvement. Even though the series of signs is expected, the precise timing of their attainment may differ from person to person. Receptive language expertise usually grows earlier than a kid’s capability to create logical expressions, words, and sentences. For a number of kids, the improvement of language skills continues in a standard order although at a sluggish rate than standard. This situation is known as a delay in language acquisition. On the contrary, other kids seem to pursue a different order of language acquisition, which is known as a â€Å"disorder of development † (Shipley & McAfee, 2008). Disorders of language acquisition may have an effect on communicative capabilities only or both communicative as well as receptive capabilities. For kids who have â€Å"normally developed nonverbal cognitive abilities† (Shipley & McAfee, 2008), language issues that are harsh and asserted during the nonexistence of apparent neurologic offense or hearing injury are known as specific language impairments. The occurrence of specific language impairments varies, but a rate of more or less 9 percent of school going kids is mentioned usually. Specific language impairment is more common in males as compared to females, with ratios between 3.7:1 and 5.7:1. The more conventional approximation probably applies to the common population. The point at which a pediatrician become worried regarding a kid’s language development and feels the necessity to as for additional assessment is not an insignificant issue when considering the occurrence of the t rouble as well as the â€Å"developmental sequelae† (Grassi & Barker, 2009) of language disorders. More or less, one third to half of kids having acute language acquisition problems at the age of 2 years carry on to have delays at the age of 3 years. In addition, 65 percent to 95 percent of preschoolers who have language setback and regular nonverbal aptitude keep on showing language troubles up to the age of 20 years after the preliminary analysis. Even though â€Å"average or above-average nonverbal cognitive ability is a good prognostic indicator among children who have specific language impairments† (Lipson & Wixson, 2010), this results on its own does not guarantee ultimate improvement of standard language acquisition. Besides, constant language problems, kids who have specific language impairments are affected in educational, communal, and psychosomatic areas. The sort of language setback seems to be linked with result. Kids who have talking and phonology problem s usually have an enhanced diagnosis as compared to those who have wider impairments of both creation as well as understanding of language. Even though view on the way of dealing with language and speech problems in young kids differs significantly, there are common guiding principles. Kids between the age bracket of one and a half and two years, whose language understanding as well as expression is delayed should be sent for and